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Background:
Antifreeze, or ethylene glycol, is a commonly available coolant for most
water-cooled engines. It may also be used as an antifreeze in winter
weather. Unfortunately, the chemical is very toxic and can be lethal, even
in small amounts, to all animals. Dogs and cats are naturally curious and
will taste everything. Antifreeze is somewhat sweet and is often palatable
to dogs. Newer coolants are now available that eliminate this sweet taste,
but ethylene glycol nonetheless remains the most common coolant. Antifreeze
is easily identified by its fluorescent green color. Rapidly absorbed by the
gastrointestinal system, even very small doses of antifreeze can be fatal,
if left untreated. The liquid itself is not toxic. When it is processed by
the body, however, it can produce severe metabolic changes and cause
irreversible damage to the kidneys.
Clinical Signs:
Signs of antifreeze poisoning include changes in breathing patterns,
vomiting, depression, lack of coordination, seizures, coma and death. These
symptoms can occur anytime from 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion. The
prognosis depends on when treatment is initiated and on the amount ingested.
Kidney failure may occur despite treatment, resulting in increased urination
and thirst, which may lead to death.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is usually based on identifiable exposure to antifreeze or
specific clinical signs.
Treatment:
If you suspect that your pet may have ingested antifreeze, induce vomiting
immediately by orally administering some hydrogen peroxide (give three
tablespoons first, then as needed). Immediately bring your pet to the
veterinarian and announce an emergency.
Your veterinarian will hospitalize your pet for emergency and supportive
care. Treatment may include the administration of activated charcoal to
absorb the toxin, the injection of intravenous fluids and an antidote (one
of two treatments: 4-methylpyrazole or ethanol, to counteract the action of
the antifreeze metabolites). Long-term recuperative therapy may include a
change in diet or a prescription diet that is appropriate for pets with
renal failure. |